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Historically, up to one third of world’s electricity was generated in coal-fired power station. Burning of  coal produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants emitted to the atmosphere, as well as coal ash, also referred to as coal combustion residuals or CCRs, typically stored at or near power station sites.

Recent environmental legislation is leading to closure of numerous coal-fired power stations and large amounts of CCRs remain at the closed sites, posing significant environmental and other risks. Examples of remaining CCRs include Fly Ash, a very fine, powdery ash material; Bottom Ash, a coarse, angular ash particles aggregating at the bottom of the furnace; Boiler Slag, a molten bottom ash in form of smooth glassy pellets; and many other types of materials.

Phoenix Environmental Research is focused on developing new technologies for environmental remediation of closed power station sites and converting them into useable real-estates sites ready for redevelopment, as well as finding innovative ways for beneficial reuses of CCRs.